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Beslan school siege
The Beslan school siege (also referred to as the Beslan school hostage crisis or Beslan massacre)〔(Beslan mothers' futile quest for relief ), BBC News, 4 June 2005〕〔(Beslan School Massacre One Year Later ), U.S. Department of State, 31 August 2005〕〔 started on 1 September 2004, lasted three days, involved the capture of over 1,100 people as hostages (including 777 children),〔 and ended with the death of at least 385 people. The crisis began when a group of armed Islamic terrorists, mostly Ingush and Chechen, occupied School Number One (SNO) in the town of Beslan, North Ossetia (an autonomous republic in the North Caucasus region of the Russian Federation) on 1 September 2004. The hostage-takers were the Riyadus-Salikhin Battalion, sent by the Chechen warlord Shamil Basayev, who demanded recognition of the independence of Chechnya in UN and Russian withdrawal from Chechnya. On the third day of the standoff, Russian security forces stormed the building with the use of tanks, incendiary rockets and other heavy weapons.〔(The Truth About Beslan. What Putin's government is covering up. ), by David Satter, ''The Weekly Standard'', 13 November 2006, Volume 012, Issue 09〕 At least 385 hostages were killed, including 186 children, with a significant number of people injured and reported missing.
The event led to security and political repercussions in Russia; most notably, it contributed to a series of federal government reforms consolidating power in the Kremlin and strengthening of the powers of the President of Russia.〔 As of 2011, aspects of the crisis in relation to the militants continue to be contentious: questions remain regarding how many terrorists were involved, the nature of their preparations and whether a section of the group had escaped. Questions about the Russian government's management of the crisis have also persisted, including allegations of disinformation and censorship in news media, whether the journalists who were present at Beslan were allowed to freely report on the crisis,〔(Russia 'impeded media' in Beslan ), BBC News, 16 September 2004,〕 the nature and content of negotiations with the terrorists, allocation of responsibility for the eventual outcome, and perceptions that excessive force was used.〔〔〔(Beslan's unanswered questions ), ''International Herald Tribune'', 30 May 2006〕〔(Beslan siege still a mystery ), BBC News, 2 September 2005〕〔(One year later, Beslan's school tragedy still haunts ), ''The Boston Globe'', 2 September 2005〕
==Background==
Comintern Street SNO was one of seven schools in Beslan, a town of around 35,000 people in the republic of North Ossetia–Alania, in Russia's Caucasus. The school, located next to the district police station, had around 60 teachers and more than 800 students.〔 Its gymnasium, where most of the hostages were held for 52 hours, was a recent addition, measuring 10 metres wide and 25 metres long.〔 There were reports that men disguised as repairmen had concealed weapons and explosives in the school sometime during July 2004, but this was later officially refuted. However, several witnesses have since testified they were made to help their captors remove the weapons from the caches hidden in the school.〔(Kulaev trial further erodes official version of Beslan ), The Jamestown Foundation, 22 June 2005〕〔(Beslan still a raw nerve for Russia ), BBC News, 1 September 2006〕 There were also claims that a "sniper's nest" on the sports hall roof had been set up in advance.〔(The 2002 Dubrovka and 2004 Beslan Hostage Crises: A Critique of Russian Counter-Terrorism ), ''Prospect Magazine'', July 2006〕
It was also reported that the SNO in Beslan was used by Ossetian nationalist militia forces as an internment camp for ethnic Ingush civilians in late 1992 during the short but bloody Ingush–Ossetian East Prigorodny conflict, in which hundreds of Ingush residents of North Ossetia lost their lives or disappeared during the week-long hostilities, and thus the school was arguably chosen as the target of the attack by the mostly Ingush rebel group because of this connection.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=2004 Getting Back Home? Towards Sustainable Return of Ingush Forced Migrants and Lasting Peace in Prigorodny District of North Ossetia )〕〔(Russia struggles to keep grip in Caucasus ), ''Christian Science Monitor'', 13 September 2005〕〔(Russian Expert Review )〕 According to media reports, SNO was one of several buildings in which the Ossetian militants had held hundreds of Ingush hostages, many of them women and children. The hostages were all kept in the same gymnasium and were deprived of food and water; at least one newborn and several dozen male hostages were executed.〔(Ruslan Belkharoyev Witness Testimony )〕〔(Terror lingers in Russia's Caucasus region ), ''Chicago Tribune'', 12 October 2004〕〔()〕 Beslan was also the site of an airfield used by the Russian Air Force for combat operations in Chechnya since 1994.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Frontal and Army Aviation in the Chechen Conflict )〕
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